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How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction
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Pat Shipman
Dr. Shipman is an internationally-recognized expert in the taphonomy, the study of how living animals are transformed into skeletons and then fossils. Her research focuses on learning how to reconstruct the ecology of ancient environments from preserved fossils and how to determine whether the fossils in an assemblage are the remains of the activities of early human ancestors or not. She pioneered the use of scanning electron microscopy in diagnosing cutmarks on archaeological or fossil bones. Shipman's research as involved fossil and archaeological bone assemblages from Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Italy, France, Indonesia, and various sites in North and South America. She was part of the team that established convincing proof of cannibalism in Neolithic France and also identified the earliest known bone tools in the world. In recent years, she has written several books for general audiences. The topics include the history of anthropology and the discovery and interpretation of fossils. She is fascinated by the question: who makes discoveries and how they are interpreted? Why is one discovery widely accepted and another rejected? She has written three biographies: one of Eugene Dubois, the Dutch anatomist who discovered the "missing link"; one of Florence Baker, a Victorian lady who explored Africa searching for the source of the Nile; and one of Mata Hari, the infamous Oriental dancer and convicted World War I spy. She has also written popular books about Neandertals, race,Homo erectus, and the fossil ape, Proconsul. She plans to tackle the controversial questions about what makes us humans and what has shaped our evolutionary history for her next book.
Approximately 200,000 years ago, as modern humans began to radiate out from their evolutionary birthplace in Africa, Neanderthals were already thriving in Europe—descendants of a much earlier migration of the African genus Homo. But when modern humans eventually made their way to Europe 45,000 years ago, Neanderthals suddenly vanished. Ever since the first Neanderthal bones were identified in 1856, scientists have been vexed by the question, why did modern humans survive while their closest known relatives went extinct?
“Shipman admits that scientists have yet to find genetic evidence that would prove her theory. Time will tell if she’s right. For now, read this book for an engagingly comprehensive overview of the rapidly evolving understanding of our own origins.” —Toby Lester, Wall Street Journal
“Are humans the ultimate invasive species? So contends anthropologist Pat Shipman—and Neanderthals, she opines, were among our first victims. The relationship between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis is laid out cleanly, along with genetic and other evidence. Shipman posits provocatively that the deciding factor in the triumph of our ancestors was the domestication of wolves.” —Daniel Cressey, Nature
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