Features and Management of Acute and Chronic Neuro-Covid

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This book delineates that COVID-19 is a multisystem inflammatory disease and how its pathophysiology can predispose patients to an increased risk of neurological problems. Available data suggest the potential neuroinvasive capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 through direct viral damage and indirect entering the CNS by different routes including the vascular system the olfactory and trigeminal nerves the cerebrospinal fluid and the lymphatic system. Furthermore the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and oxidative stress can induce microglial activation and damaging the blood-brain barrier culminating in widespread neuroinflammatory processes. This acute neurotoxicity is clinically expressed as anosmia ageusia headache nausea and vomiting. Other neurologic manifestations such as acute cerebrovascular diseases encephalitis-based impaired consciousness and meningitis are also described. The PNS can also be affected and clinical manifestations including Guillain-Barre syndrome polyneuritis Miller Fisher Syndrome and other problems are described. A special issue concerns the neurocognitive dysfunction and altered consciousness manifested as delirium agitation and confusion. Non-specific symptoms such as dizziness and seizures can accompany clinical pictures. Regardless of the admitting diagnosis a high percentage of patients discharged from ICUs develop disabilities affecting physical cognitive and psychological activities. The symptoms such as asthenia memory disturbances depression sleep disturbances anxiety and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can configure the so-called Post-intensive Care Syndrome (PICS). Multimodal management during the ICU stay and implementation of follow-up programs on patient discharge can reduce the incidence of this syndrome improving the quality of life of surviving individuals. In this complex scenario a careful clinical approach through reliable diagnostic tools and epidemiological studies aimed at evaluating the dimensions of the problem also in economic terms is urgently needed. This book represents a valuable aid for all healthcare professionals (intensivists neurologist and psychiatrists as well as others) involved in the management of these critically ill patients.