Laboratory Manual Of Physical Chemistry

LABORATORY MANUAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY COPYRIGHT, 1922, 1931, 1935, BY ALBERT W. DAVISON AND HENRY S. VAN KLOOSTER COPYRIGHT, 1941, BY ALBERT W. DAVISON, HKNKY S. VAN KLOOSTER, AND WALTKR H. BAUI All Rights Reserved This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written pcnnission of the publisher. PRINTED IN U. 8. A. Parallex Binding, Sieves Mechanical Binding Co. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION In presenting this third edition of their Laboratory Manual of Physical Chemistry, the authors have attempted to present a comprehensive set of exercises which will cover the elementary field of modern physical chemistry in a quantitative manner. All of the experiments have been thoroughly tested in the laboratory of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The majority of them represent the accumulated experience of more than twenty-five years in teaching physical chem istry to undergraduate students of science and engineering. The scope of the Manual has been enlarged by the introduction of new experiments involving modern techniques and the more recently developed apparatus and equipment. The treatment of theoretical aspects and the discussions have also been revised to conform to present-day view points. In introducing the Br0nsted-Lowry concept of acids and bases the authors have not been unmindful of the fact that chemists and chemical engineers, for some time to come, will undoubtedly continue to employ both the Br0nsted-Lowry and the Arrhenius-Ostwald systems. They have therefore presented certain experiments from the newer viewpoint and others from the older. For instance, in Experiment 46, electrolytic equilibria have been treated from the stand point ofBr0nstcd-Lowry and, in Experiment 47, from that of Arrhenius-Ostwald. THE AUTHORS TROY, NEW YORK March, 1941 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION v INTRODUCTION 1 EXPERIMENT 1 . DETERMINATION OF VAPOR DENSITY. DUMAS METHOD 3 2. DETERMINATION OF VAPOR DENSITY. VICTOR MEYERS METHOD 6 3. GRAHAMS EFFUSION LAW DENSITIES OF GASES 9 4. VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIQUIDS 12 5. SURFACE TENSION, PARACHOR, AND ASSOCIATION FACTOR OF PURE LIQUIDS 16 6. SURFACE TENSION, DROP-WEIGHT METHOD 20 7. VISCOSITY 24 8. REFRACTIVE INDEX, DENSITY, AND MOLECULAR REFRACTIVITY OF LIQUIDS 28 9. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DIPOLE MOMENT 32 0. TRANSITION POINTS IN THE SOLID STATE 38 1 . SOLUBILITY. THE VANT HOFF ISOCHORE 4g 2. LOWERING OF THE FREEZING POINT. RECKMANNS METHOD 51 3. LOWERING OF THE FREEZING POINT. VACUUM-FLASK METHOD 5 5 4. ELEVATION OF THK BOILING POINT. THE COTTUELL APPARATUS 60 5. ELEVATION OF THE BOILING POINT. THE KYK. MAN METHOD 64 6. VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING BY A DISSOLVED SUBSTANCE. RAOULTS LAW G8 7. DISTILLATION WITH STEAM 71 IS. DlSTRinUTION OF A SlJKSTANCE BETWEEN TWO NONAllSClBLE LIQUIDS 75 19. BOILING POINTS OF BINARY SYSTEMS MINIMUM BOILING LIQUIDS 78 20. BOILING POINTS OF BINARY SYSTEMS. SIWOLOTJOFFS METHOD 82 21 . BOILING POINT-VAPOR COMPOSITION CURVES 85 22. PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS. DETERMINATION OF MUTUAL SOLUBILITY 90 23. SOLUBILITY CURVE FOR A TERNARY SYSTEM OF LIQUIDS 94 24. PHASE DIAGRAM FOR A TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM OF METALS 99 25. FIRST ORDER REACTION DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 104 26, xl iRsT ORDER REACTION INVERSION OF CANE SUGAR 108 l. SECOND ORDER REACTION SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND KTHYL BROMACETATE 112 28. SECOND ORDER REACTION SAPONIFICATION OF ETHYL ACETATE CONDUCTIVITY METHOD116 29. HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION 120 30. HEAT OF COMBUSTION 125 31. HEAT OF SOLUTION 132 32. HEAT OF VAPORIZATION. THOUTON s LAW 137 33. SURFACE FILMS FILM PRESSURE BALANCE 140 vii viii CONTENTS EXPERIMENT PAGE 34. ADSORPTION FROM SOLUTION 145 35. EUOCCULATION OP SuSPKNSOIDS BY ELECTROLYTES 150 aft SOLUBILITY PRODUCT 154 37. CONDUCTIVITY AND CONDUCTANCE RATIO 157 38. HYDROLYSIS. CONDUCTIVITY METHOD 162 39. TRANSPORT NUMBERS 165 40. TRANSFERENCE NUMBERS. MOVING BOUNDARY METHOD 169 41. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 173 A ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE CONCENTRATION CELLS 180 43...