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Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador who played a crucial role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. He was born in 1485 in Medellín, a town in what is now Extremadura, Spain. Cortés is best known for his conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico.

In 1519, Cortés led an expedition to Mexico with the intention of exploring and establishing colonies. Upon arriving, he defied the orders of the Governor of Cuba, who had instructed him to explore the coast, and instead decided to conquer the rich and powerful Aztec Empire ruled by Montezuma II.

Cortés and his small army of around 500 men arrived in the capital city of Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City) and formed alliances with indigenous groups who were enemies of the Aztecs. With the help of these allies and a combination of military tactics, diplomacy, and superior weaponry, Cortés managed to overthrow the Aztec Empire and capture Montezuma II.

However, Cortés's conquest was not without challenges. In 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish, forcing Cortés and his forces to flee the city in an event known as the "Noche Triste" (Sad Night). They eventually regrouped, laid siege to Tenochtitlán, and successfully captured it in 1521, marking the end of Aztec dominance in the region.

After the conquest, Cortés became the governor of New Spain, which encompassed much of present-day Mexico and Central America. He ruled for several years, implementing policies that favored Spanish settlers and exploiting the region's resources for the benefit of the Spanish crown.

Cortés returned to Spain in 1528 and was granted the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca) by the Spanish king. However, his later years were marked by legal disputes and struggles to maintain his position and wealth.

Hernán Cortés is remembered as one of the most important figures in the history of Spanish exploration and conquest. His conquest of the Aztec Empire led to the establishment of Spanish control over Mexico and laid the foundation for the colonization of other parts of the Americas by the Spanish Empire. However, his actions also resulted in the devastation and decline of indigenous cultures and populations.