The Legacy Of India

THE LEGACY OF INDIA Edited by G. T. GARRATT With an Introduction by THE MARQUESS OF ZETLAND OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E. C. 4 GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS CAPE TOWN Geoffrey Cum her leg f. Publisher to the University FIRST PUBLISHED IQ37 REPRINTED I93 Reproduced lithographically in Great Britain at the University Pivss, Oxford, 1945, 1948, 1931 . f.. ilb rf s PQ CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Tii INTRODUCTION By THE MARQUESS OF ZETLAND . . ... IX INDIA IN EUROPEAN LITERATURE AND THOUGHT By H. G. RAWLINJON ...... I LANGUAGE AND EARLY LITERATURE By r. w. THOMAS . . . . . . 38 INDIAN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY By K. DE B. CODRINGTON . . . . . 7 PHILOSOPHY By 8. N. DAS GUPTA ...... IOO CASTE AND THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY By R. P. MASANX ....... 124 BUDDHISM By DE LA VALLEE POUSSIN . . . . . . l6l LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE By F. W. THOMAS . . . . . . .185 MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA By MARTIN 8. BRIGG8 ...... 223 HINDUJSM By 8. RADHAKRI8HNAN ...... 2 6 THE CULTURAL INFLUENCES OF ISLAM By ABDUL QADIR ....... 287 MUSIC By A. H. FOX STRANGWAYS. Additional note by r. w. GALPIN . 305 SCIENCE By WALTER EUGENE CLARK . . 335 VERNACULAR LITERATURES By j. c. GHOSH ....-369 INDO-BRITISH CIVILIZATION By G. T. GARRATT . . . 394 INDEX 4 3 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A Ship from the Buddhist sculptures on the stupa of Borobodur, Java. 8th century A. D. From H. G. Raw linson, Intercourse between India and the West Cambridge University Press ..... Frontispiece 1. Indo-Greek and Persian Coins. From Rawlinson, op. cit. facing p. 10 2. Bronze statuette of Harpocrates from Taxila. From the Cambridge History of India, vol. i . . 18 Greekintaglio gems from North-West India, ib. . 3. Siva and Uma. Kailasa Cloisters, Elura. 8th century A. D. Photograph by K. d B. Codrington. Copyright . 88 4. Siva. Kailasa Cloisters, Elura. 8th century A. D. Photograph by K. de B. Codrington. Copyright . . 89 5. Mahishasuramardini. KaiUsa, Elura. 8th century A. D. Photograph by K. de B. Codrington. Copyright . 90 6. Interior of Cave II, Badami. 6th century A. D. Photograph by K. de B. Codrington. Copyright . . 92 7. Veranda Pillars. Cave III, Badami. 6th century A. D. Photograph by K. de B. Codrington. Copyright . 94 8. Pillar Medallion. Cave III, BSdami. 6th century A. D. Photograph by K. de B. Codrington. Copyright . 95 9. Ghat at Benares. Photograph by Newtonian Illustrated Press Service . . . . . . 112 10. A Goldsmith at work, Delhi. By courtesy of Indian Rail ways Bureau, London . . . . . 1 54 11. Bodhisattva. GandhJra Graeco-Buddhist, 2nd 5th century A. D. Lahore Museum. Photograph by the Archaeo logical Survey of India . . . . 1 80 12. a. Karli interior of chaitya cave. c. 150 B. C. Photograph by India Office . . . . 1 230 b. Nasik sun-window and horseshoe-arch, c. 150 B. C. J 4085 A 2 viii List of Illustrations 13. a. Ajmlr Great Mosque, c. 1200 A. D. Photograph by Indian Museum, Calcutta b. Delhi Kutb Minir. 1232 A. D. Photograph by Indian Museum, Calcutta ... 14. Delhi Tomb of Humayun. Photograph by the C. P. Bureau, Indian State Railways 15. The Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur-SIkri. 1575 A. D. From S. M. Edwardes and H. L. O. Garrett, Mughal Rule in India Oxford University Press 1 6. The Taj Mahal, Agra. 1632 0. Photograph by India Office 17. The Pearl Mosque, Agra. 1653 A. D. From S. M. Edwardes and H. L. O. Garrett, op. cit. .... 18. Siva Nataraja. Copper casting, Ceylon. 8th century A. D. Photograph by Dr. A. Nell .... 19. Domestic scene by Muhammad Faklrull h Khan. Moghul school, 1 7th century A. D. India Office Library, Johnson Collection, vol. xvii ..... 20. Ragmala. Rajput school, i8th century A. D. British Museum ...... 21. a. Bow-harps and flutes. Amaravatl. c. A. D. 200. British 1 Museum ..... b. Vina in the hands of Sarasvatl. c. A. D. 900. British Museum . ... 22. Stencilled cotton cloth from RajputanS. i8th century A. D. Victoria and Albert Museum .... 23...