The Invaders How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction
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Auteur:
Pat Shipman
- Engels
- Hardcover
- 9780674736764
- 24 maart 2015
- 288 pagina's
Pat Shipman
Dr. Shipman is an internationally-recognized expert in the taphonomy, the study of how living animals are transformed into skeletons and then fossils. Her research focuses on learning how to reconstruct the ecology of ancient environments from preserved fossils and how to determine whether the fossils in an assemblage are the remains of the activities of early human ancestors or not. She pioneered the use of scanning electron microscopy in diagnosing cutmarks on archaeological or fossil bones. Shipman's research as involved fossil and archaeological bone assemblages from Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Italy, France, Indonesia, and various sites in North and South America. She was part of the team that established convincing proof of cannibalism in Neolithic France and also identified the earliest known bone tools in the world. In recent years, she has written several books for general audiences. The topics include the history of anthropology and the discovery and interpretation of fossils. She is fascinated by the question: who makes discoveries and how they are interpreted? Why is one discovery widely accepted and another rejected? She has written three biographies: one of Eugene Dubois, the Dutch anatomist who discovered the "missing link"; one of Florence Baker, a Victorian lady who explored Africa searching for the source of the Nile; and one of Mata Hari, the infamous Oriental dancer and convicted World War I spy. She has also written popular books about Neandertals, race,Homo erectus, and the fossil ape, Proconsul. She plans to tackle the controversial questions about what makes us humans and what has shaped our evolutionary history for her next book.
Samenvatting
With their large brains, sturdy physique, sophisticated tools, and hunting skills, Neanderthals are the closest known relatives to humans. Approximately 200,000 years ago, as modern humans began to radiate out from their evolutionary birthplace in Africa, Neanderthals were already thriving in Europe--descendants of a much earlier migration of the African genus Homo. But when modern humans eventually made their way to Europe 45,000 years ago, Neanderthals suddenly vanished. Ever since the first Neanderthal bones were identified in 1856, scientists have been vexed by the question, why did modern humans survive while their evolutionary cousins went extinct?The Invaders musters compelling evidence to show that the major factor in the Neanderthals' demise was direct competition with newly arriving humans. Drawing on insights from the field of invasion biology, which predicts that the species ecologically closest to the invasive predator will face the greatest competition, Pat Shipman traces the devastating impact of a growing human population: reduction of Neanderthals' geographic range, isolation into small groups, and loss of genetic diversity.But modern humans were not the only invaders who competed with Neanderthals for big game. Shipman reveals fascinating confirmation of humans' partnership with the first domesticated wolf-dogs soon after Neanderthals first began to disappear. This alliance between two predator species, she hypothesizes, made possible an unprecedented degree of success in hunting large Ice Age mammals--a distinct and ultimately decisive advantage for humans over Neanderthals at a time when climate change made both groups vulnerable.
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- 24 maart 2015
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- Harvard University Press
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