The Middle Ages 395-1500

itbc Century mtstpVtpaT - A v. s, XHE MIDDLE 395-150O BY DANA CARLETON MUNRO D00GB PROFESSOR OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY AND RAYMOND JAMES SONTAG ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Revised Edition THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK LONDON COPYRIGHT, I92I, 1928, BY THE CENTURY CO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE THIS BOOK, OR PORTIONS THEREOF, IN ANY FORM. 299 - PR. 1NTBD IN tJ, 8. A. Ju PREFACE This volume is planned to follow one on Roman history which will carry the story of Rome through the career of Justinian, whose ambition it was to have one state, one church, one law. It is to be followed by a volume on the period of the renaissance and reformation. Its position in the series has determined its scope and the inclusion or exclusion of topics which more logically will find a place in the volume which precedes or the one which follows. The bibliographies for the separate chapters have been made as short as possible. Paetows Guide to the Study of Medieval His tory is so excellent that it seems a work of supererogation to at tempt to make complete bibliographies again. Consequently, only a few books have been selected, and each one, because it contains some matter necessary to supplement the discussion in this volume. I am indebted to Professor George L. Burr, of Cornell Univer sity, the general editor of the series, for reading all the manuscript and making many suggestions for improvements. Several of my former students have helped me in particular, Professor A. C Krey of the University of Minnesota, who prepared the maps, bibliographies, and index Willy Jahr, Ph, D., who read some of the earlier chapters Professor Frederick Duncalf of theUniversity of Texas, who has helped me in reading proof these and others I wish to thank. Any mistakes in the book I am responsible for the number would have been greater except for the generous assist ance which I have received. Lastly, I am much indebted to my wife and three daughters for frequent criticism and aid. WAQOQIT, MASS, Aug, 13-1921. DANA CARLETQN MUNRO. PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION The generous reception and wide use accorded the original edi tion of this book have prompted the preparation of a corrected and revised version. The author wishes to express his gratitude for the criticism which has aided materially in the improvement of the new edition. Seven chapters on the fourteenth and fifteenth cen turies have been added by Professor Sontag. These chapters have profited much from the criticisms and suggestions made by Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Agar, Professor E. A Seller, Mr. E. M. Nicholas, Mr. W. D. Staples, and, especially, Mrs, Raymond Sontag, whose wide knowledge of Italian life and thought was of great assistance in the preparation of the last chapter. D, C. M, R. J. S. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, June 12, 1928 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGS I THE ROMAN WORLD AT THE BEGINNING OF, HE GER MANIC MIGRATIONS 3 II THE CHURCH IN THE PERIOD OF THE GERMANIC MI GRATIONS - 15 III THE EARLY GERMANS 27 IV THE MIGRATIONS 36 V THE MIGRATIONS CONTINUED 48 VI THE PAPACY AND THE MONKS 60 VII THE FRANKS, C 481-751 A. D. 69 VIII FUSION OF GERMAN AND ROMAN IN GAUL, . . 80 1 IX ISLAM TO 750 A. D. 92 X PIPPIN ANB CHARLES THE GREAT 101 XI THE LATER CAROLINGIANS AND THE EMPIRE . . . .112 XII FEUDALISM, 126 XIII THE CHURCH TO 954 A. D 138 XIV GERMANY, 843 002 J S XV THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY 161 XVIFRANCA 887-1108 ..... 175 XVII ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONGEST . ... 193 XVIII THE NORMAN CONQUEST 204 XIX SARACEN CIVILIZATION 2I 4 XX BYZANTINE EMPIRE TO 1095 227 XXI CRUSADES TO 1187 2 4 XXII ENGLAND, 1087-1272 256 XXIII FEANCE, 1108-1270 XXIV HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE XXV THE LATEK CRUSADES 3 XXVI THE NOBLES 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXVII MONASTICISM 319 XXVIII THE PEASANTS 331 XXIX TOWNS AND TRADE - 341 XXX HERESY AND THE FRIARS 354 XXXI THE UNIVERSITIES 366 XXXII INNOCENT III AND THE CHURCH 377 XXXIII THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIAN EUROPE ...